Patrones de distribución altitudinales de anfibios en Guatemala¶
Integrantes: Rosa Roldán, Habibi Orellana, Isabel Martínez
Descripción del proyecto y justificación¶
Los anfibios conforman el grupo de vertebrados mayormente amenazado a nivel mundial. El 41% de todas las especies evaluadas se encuentran bajo alguna categoría de amenaza, según la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza –IUCN- (IUCN, 2024).
Los patrones de distribución de la diversidad biológica han sido objeto de estudio a lo largo de los años. Particularmente, se ha registrado que la distribución puede estar influenciada por factores históricos, evolutivos, restricciones de área y climáticos (Fu et al., 2006; Gutiérrez-Rodríguez et al., 2017). Siendo estos últimos de especial importancia para los anfibios, ya que son animales ectotermos que dependen de factores climáticos para el desarrollo de sus actividades. Estos factores climáticos varían a través de rangos altitudinales, por ello en este estudio, se propone analizar los patrones de distribución de anfibios en Guatemala. Este análisis servirá como base para estudiar los procesos detrás de estos patrones y sí, especialmente ocurren en respuesta al cambio climático, puesto que los rangos altitudinales de la fauna pueden cambiar (Sillero, 2021).
Antecedentes:¶
El estudio de este importante grupo ha llevado a utilizar la ciencia de datos, una herramienta que se ha implementado recientemente en el análisis y resolución de problemas ecológicos y ambientales. Un ejemplo de ello es con la Clase Amphibia y los efectos del cambio climático en este grupo. Riddell y colaboradores (2019) analizaron la tasa de perdida de agua en respuesta a la temperatura que experimentan las salamandras durante la época fría y principios de primavera, como potencial respuesta al cambio climático. Utilizando Python para realizar mapas de hotspot de temperatura con mayor riesgo a la desecación de las salamandras. Encontrando que las salamandras tienen una gran plasticidad para evitar la desecación.
Otro ejemplo de la aplicación de Python, es el de Olalla-Tárraga y colaboradores (2011) quienes investigaron con cuáles variables ambientales (Temperatura, precipitación, latitud, etc.) fue y era más probable la adaptación de mamíferos y anfibios, y de sus respectivos ancestros. El autor, utilizó Python para realizar los mapas de distribución de mamíferos y anfibios con base a su actual tolerancia al frío. Encontrando que los anfibios han mantenido su nicho ecológico pese a su sensibilidad fisiológica y limitada capacidad de dispersión.
El cambio climático es una de las principales amenazas de los anfibios; particularmente porque estos animales son sensibles a los cambios en la temperatura y humedad. Relacionado a ello, algunas especies han migrado a áreas más húmedas y frías en búsqueda de hábitats como en parches de bosques o en lo alto de las montañas (Re:wild et al., 2023). Relacionado con la elevación, Corier y colaboradores (2019) encontraron que en las Sierras Pampeanas Centrales, las dos especies de anfibios que vivían a mayores altitudes eran más vulnerables a la extición por el cambio climático. En otras investigaciones de distribución a lo largo de gradientes altitudinales, la tendencia para la mayoría de grupos taxonómicos, incluidos los anfibios, es la hipótesis del Dominio medio, en el que la riqueza disminuye desde el medio hacia los bordes (Wang et.al., 2009).
Descripción del problema y el objetivo¶
En Guatemala se encuentran 46 especies endémicas de anfibios, de 143 especies presentes en el país. Aunque se conoce que el cambio climático afecta a las especies, no se ha profundizado en los patrones de distribución con relación a la altitud y por tanto, su vulnerabilidad a los efectos del cambio climático.
La comprensión de los patrones y procesos relacionados con la diversidad de anfibios es uno de los primeros pasos hacia la conservación de las especies. Por ello, en este estudio, se propone describir el patrón de distribución de géneros de anfibios presentes en Guatemala y su relación con la altitud .
Descripción del conjunto de datos a utilizar con referencia formal a la fuente¶
Registros de especies de anfibios presentes en Guatemala, obtenidos a partir de especímenes depositados en colecciones científicas. Referencia: Sistema Global de Información sobre Biodiversidad (GBIF) GBIF.org (03 June 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.4ux96e
Preprocesamiento y visualización de los datos:¶
!pip install numpy
!pip install pandas
!pip install seaborn
!pip install scikit-learn
!pip install matplotlib
!pip install ydata-profiling
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import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
from sklearn import datasets
from ydata_profiling import ProfileReport
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
Procesamiento de datos:¶
#Importar datos desde archivo csv
df = pd.read_csv('Anfibios_guatemala.csv', on_bad_lines='skip')
display (df)
gbifID\tdatasetKey\toccurrenceID\tkingdom\tphylum\tclass\torder\tfamily\tgenus\tspecies\tinfraspecificEpithet\ttaxonRank\tscientificName\tverbatimScientificName\tverbatimScientificNameAuthorship\tcountryCode\tlocality\tstateProvince\toccurrenceStatus\tindividualCount\tpublishingOrgKey\tdecimalLatitude\tdecimalLongitude\tcoordinateUncertaintyInMeters\tcoordinatePrecision\televation\televationAccuracy\tdepth\tdepthAccuracy\teventDate\tday\tmonth\tyear\ttaxonKey\tspeciesKey\tbasisOfRecord\tinstitutionCode\tcollectionCode\tcatalogNumber\trecordNumber\tidentifiedBy\tdateIdentified\tlicense\trightsHolder\trecordedBy\ttypeStatus\testablishmentMeans\tlastInterpreted\tmediaType\tissue | |||
---|---|---|---|
621067328\t9cd0014c-b7b1-4ed1-bef7-0225acfa4ef2\turn:catalog:SMNS:Herpetologie:2260\tAnimalia\tChordata\tAmphibia\tCaudata\tPlethodontidae\tBolitoglossa\t\t\tGENUS\tBolitoglossa Duméril | Bibron & Duméril | 1854\tBolitoglossa\t\tGT\tGuatemala\t\tPRESENT\t\t99ea0c90-61e5-11dc-a64c-b8a03c50a862\t15.75\t-90.25\t272837.0\t\t\t\t\t\t1879\t\t\t1879\t2431243\t\tPRESERVED_SPECIMEN\tSMNS\tHerpetologie\t2260\t\t\t\tCC_BY_NC_4_0\t\tSarg | F.\t\tnative\t2024-04-29T09:24:29.358Z\t\tCOL... |
621067316\t9cd0014c-b7b1-4ed1-bef7-0225acfa4ef2\turn:catalog:SMNS:Herpetologie:2247\tAnimalia\tChordata\tAmphibia\tGymnophiona\tDermophiidae\tDermophis\tDermophis mexicanus\t\tSPECIES\tDermophis mexicanus (Duméril & Bibron | 1841)\tDermophis mexicanus\t\tGT\tCahabon\tAlta Verapaz\tPRESENT\t\t99ea0c90-61e5-11dc-a64c-b8a03c50a862\t15.56667\t-89.81667\t3568.0\t\t\t\t\t\t1885\t\t\t1885\t2430910\t2430910\tPRESERVED_SPECIMEN\tSMNS\tHerpetologie\t2247\t\t\t\tCC_BY_NC_4_0\t\tSarg | F.\t\tnative\t2024-04-29T09:24:29.350Z\t\tCOLLECTION_MATCH_NONE | NaN |
621067314\t9cd0014c-b7b1-4ed1-bef7-0225acfa4ef2\turn:catalog:SMNS:Herpetologie:2245\tAnimalia\tChordata\tAmphibia\tGymnophiona\tDermophiidae\tGymnopis\tGymnopis syntrema\t\tSPECIES\tGymnopis syntrema (Cope | 1866)\tGymnopis syntrema\t\tGT\tGuatemala\t\tPRESENT\t\t99ea0c90-61e5-11dc-a64c-b8a03c50a862\t15.75\t-90.25\t272837.0\t\t\t\t\t\t1881\t\t\t1881\t2430979\t2430979\tPRESERVED_SPECIMEN\tSMNS\tHerpetologie\t2245\t\t\t\tCC_BY_NC_4_0\t\tSarg | F.\t\tnative\t2024-04-29T09:24:29.364Z\t\tCOLLECTION_MATCH_NONE | NaN |
621067296\t9cd0014c-b7b1-4ed1-bef7-0225acfa4ef2\turn:catalog:SMNS:Herpetologie:2227\tAnimalia\tChordata\tAmphibia\tAnura\tCraugastoridae\tCraugastor\tCraugastor rugulosus\t\tSPECIES\tEleutherodactylus rugulosus (Cope | 1870)\tEleutherodactylus rugulosus\t\tGT\tGuatemala\t\tPRESENT\t\t99ea0c90-61e5-11dc-a64c-b8a03c50a862\t15.75\t-90.25\t272837.0\t\t\t\t\t\t1881\t\t\t1881\t2430832\t2430830\tPRESERVED_SPECIMEN\tSMNS\tHerpetologie\t2227\t\t\t\tCC_BY_NC_4_0\t\tSarg | F.\t\tnative\t2024-04-29T09:24:29.386Z\t\tCOLLECTION_MATCH_NONE | NaN |
621067027\t9cd0014c-b7b1-4ed1-bef7-0225acfa4ef2\turn:catalog:SMNS:Herpetologie:2033\tAnimalia\tChordata\tAmphibia\tAnura\tRanidae\tLithobates\tLithobates pipiens\t\tSPECIES\tRana pipiens Schreber | 1782\tRana pipiens\t\tGT\tAlta Verapaz\tAlta Verapaz\tPRESENT\t\t99ea0c90-61e5-11dc-a64c-b8a03c50a862\t15.6\t-90.08333\t87568.0\t\t\t\t\t\t1880\t\t\t1880\t2427186\t2427185\tPRESERVED_SPECIMEN\tSMNS\tHerpetologie\t2033\t\t\t\tCC_BY_NC_4_0\t\tSarg | F.\t\tnative\t2024-04-29T09:24:29.524Z\t\tCOLLECTION_MATCH_NONE | NaN |
... | ... | ... | ... |
1061341529\t8935e64a-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a\thttp://arctos.database.museum/guid/UCM:Herp:22159?seid=2488891\tAnimalia\tChordata\tAmphibia\tAnura\tHylidae\tDendropsophus\tDendropsophus ebraccatus\t\tSPECIES\tDendropsophus ebraccatus (Cope | 1874)\tDendropsophus ebraccatus\t\tGT\tSayaxche\tPeten\tPRESENT\t\t4cadac10-3e7b-11d9-8439-b8a03c50a862\t16.53923\t-90.18926\t96000.0\t\t\t\t\t\t1963-08-11/1963-08-13\t\t8\t1963\t2428420\t2428420\tPRESERVED_SPECIMEN\tUCM\tHerp\tUCM:Herp:22159\t\tEduardo C. Welling\t\tCC0_1_0\t\tCollector(s): Eduardo C. Welling\t\t\t2024-05-10T07:15:28.187Z\t\tGEODETIC_DATUM_ASSUMED_WGS84;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COORDINATES;INSTITUTION_MATCH_FUZZY;COLLECTION_MATCH_FUZZY | NaN | NaN |
1061341520\t8935e64a-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a\thttp://arctos.database.museum/guid/UCM:Herp:22155?seid=2488859\tAnimalia\tChordata\tAmphibia\tAnura\tBufonidae\tIncilius\tIncilius valliceps\t\tSPECIES\tIncilius valliceps (Wiegmann | 1833)\tIncilius valliceps\t\tGT\tSayaxche\tPeten\tPRESENT\t\t4cadac10-3e7b-11d9-8439-b8a03c50a862\t16.53923\t-90.18926\t96000.0\t\t\t\t\t\t1963-08-11/1963-08-13\t\t8\t1963\t2422389\t2422389\tPRESERVED_SPECIMEN\tUCM\tHerp\tUCM:Herp:22155\t\tEmily Braker\t2019-04-04T00:00:00\tCC0_1_0\t\tCollector(s): Eduardo C. Welling\t\t\t2024-05-10T07:15:32.635Z\t\tGEODETIC_DATUM_ASSUMED_WGS84;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COORDINATES;INSTITUTION_MATCH_FUZZY;COLLECTION_MATCH_FUZZY | NaN | NaN |
1061341508\t8935e64a-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a\thttp://arctos.database.museum/guid/UCM:Herp:22172?seid=2488938\tAnimalia\tChordata\tAmphibia\tAnura\tHylidae\tSmilisca\tSmilisca baudinii\t\tSPECIES\tSmilisca baudinii (Duméril & Bibron | 1841)\tSmilisca baudinii\t\tGT\tSayaxche\tPeten\tPRESENT\t\t4cadac10-3e7b-11d9-8439-b8a03c50a862\t16.53923\t-90.18926\t96000.0\t\t\t\t\t\t1963-08-11/1963-08-13\t\t8\t1963\t2428680\t2428680\tPRESERVED_SPECIMEN\tUCM\tHerp\tUCM:Herp:22172\t\tEmily Braker\t2019-04-04T00:00:00\tCC0_1_0\t\tCollector(s): Eduardo C. Welling\t\t\t2024-05-10T07:15:37.080Z\t\tGEODETIC_DATUM_ASSUMED_WGS84;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COORDINATES;INSTITUTION_MATCH_FUZZY;COLLECTION_MATCH_FUZZY | NaN | NaN |
1061341504\t8935e64a-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a\thttp://arctos.database.museum/guid/UCM:Herp:22157?seid=2488861\tAnimalia\tChordata\tAmphibia\tAnura\tBufonidae\tIncilius\tIncilius valliceps\t\tSPECIES\tIncilius valliceps (Wiegmann | 1833)\tIncilius valliceps\t\tGT\tSayaxche\tPeten\tPRESENT\t\t4cadac10-3e7b-11d9-8439-b8a03c50a862\t16.53923\t-90.18926\t96000.0\t\t\t\t\t\t1963-08-11/1963-08-13\t\t8\t1963\t2422389\t2422389\tPRESERVED_SPECIMEN\tUCM\tHerp\tUCM:Herp:22157\t\tEmily Braker\t2019-04-04T00:00:00\tCC0_1_0\t\tCollector(s): Eduardo C. Welling\t\t\t2024-05-10T07:15:41.503Z\t\tGEODETIC_DATUM_ASSUMED_WGS84;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COORDINATES;INSTITUTION_MATCH_FUZZY;COLLECTION_MATCH_FUZZY | NaN | NaN |
1061341483\t8935e64a-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a\thttp://arctos.database.museum/guid/UCM:Herp:22142?seid=2488928\tAnimalia\tChordata\tAmphibia\tAnura\tRhinophrynidae\tRhinophrynus\tRhinophrynus dorsalis\t\tSPECIES\tRhinophrynus dorsalis Duméril & Bibron | 1841\tRhinophrynus dorsalis\t\tGT\tSayaxche\tPeten\tPRESENT\t\t4cadac10-3e7b-11d9-8439-b8a03c50a862\t16.53923\t-90.18926\t96000.0\t\t\t\t\t\t1963-08-11/1963-08-13\t\t8\t1963\t2426369\t2426369\tPRESERVED_SPECIMEN\tUCM\tHerp\tUCM:Herp:22142\t\tEduardo C. Welling\t\tCC0_1_0\t\tCollector(s): Eduardo C. Welling\t\t\t2024-05-10T07:15:40.680Z\t\tGEODETIC_DATUM_ASSUMED_WGS84;CONTINENT_DERIVED_FROM_COORDINATES;INSTITUTION_MATCH_FUZZY;COLLECTION_MATCH_FUZZY | NaN | NaN |
17165 rows × 1 columns
df = pd.read_csv('Anfibios_guatemala.csv', delimiter='\t')
<ipython-input-7-117b5b48f580>:1: DtypeWarning: Columns (43,46,48) have mixed types. Specify dtype option on import or set low_memory=False. df = pd.read_csv('Anfibios_guatemala.csv', delimiter='\t')
#Informe con pandas-profiling
profile = ProfileReport(df, title="Registros de anfibios de Guatemala en colecciones científicas", explorative=True)
#Mostrar el informe en un notebook
profile.to_notebook_iframe()
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